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Isidora Revista
Eduardo Montagut
Dada la magnitud de la Guerra Civil, de la violencia desatada en las retaguardias, y de la intensa larga noche de la Dictadura franquista, que desarrolló una concienzuda capacidad de represión física y moral, con pocos paragones en la historia contemporánea en relación con sus propios ciudadanos y ciudadanas, la Guerra de Marruecos ha quedado oscurecida. El hecho de que en este año de 2021 se cumpla el centenario del Desastre de Annual, ha permitido que los españoles, gracias a los medios, hayan recordado aquella contienda, y, a buen seguro, hasta algunos habrán descubierto, perplejos, que casi desde los inicios del siglo XX hasta mediados de los años veinte hubo un conflicto intermitente en el Rif, en el protectorado español de Marruecos.
Aquella guerra, mal conducida, fue atroz, con miles de muertos y no sólo ocasionados por combates muy feroces, con hechos verdaderamente espeluznantes, y donde hasta se empleó la guerra química, sino también por enfermedades como el tifus, entre los piojos y las pulgas, a causa de las pésimas condiciones higiénicas que padecieron los soldados.
Socialmente, la Guerra pesó como una losa, especialmente sobre los hijos de las clases populares. Durante un tiempo se mantuvo el sistema, profundamente injusto, de sustitución y redención del servicio, tan cuestionado por el movimiento obrero en los tiempos de la Guerra de Cuba y Filipinas, sin olvidar que también se enviaron reservistas, es decir, hombres que ya tenían familia, como ocurrió en 1909, provocando el estallido de violencia que supuso la Semana Trágica de Barcelona en el verano de aquel año. Pero la sustitución de este sistema con la Ley de Reclutamiento y Reemplazo del año 1912 no mejoró, socialmente hablando, la situación, ya que se ideó la figura del soldado de cuota, que permitía, empleando el dinero, rebajar el tiempo de servicio, además de conseguir otras ventajas. Se necesitaba mucho dinero para conseguir esta condición.
La Guerra de Marruecos fue, además, un factor de desestabilización política, siendo fundamental, aunque no solamente, para entender la crisis del sistema de la Restauración en el reinado de Alfonso XIII. Fue clave en la primera gran sacudida de 1909, como hemos mencionado, pero también repercutió en la triple crisis de 1917, especialmente en la parte militar de la misma con la protesta de las Juntas de Defensa por la política de ascensos a favor de los militares en África frente a los que permanecían en la Península. Por fin, las consecuencias del Desastre de Annual, dada la magnitud del mismo, cuestionaron tanto los pilares del régimen constitucional por el asunto de las responsabilidades que precipitaron el golpe que puso en marcha la Dictadura de Miguel Primo de Rivera.
Pero, además, la Guerra de Marruecos tuvo consecuencias a más largo plazo, ya que en aquella contienda se curtieron muchos militares, los africanistas, algunos de ellos protagonistas del golpe de julio de 1936. En el Rif aprendieron el uso de la violencia extrema y del terror como armas fundamentales para combatir a los españoles y españolas que consideraron como enemigos, y así lo hicieron desde el primer momento.
Pues bien, para terminar y siguiendo el objetivo de esta columna que no es otro, ni más ni menos, que trabajar por la memoria histórica queremos recuperar un homenaje del pasado democrático de nuestro país, en la Segunda República, para recordar, a través de los que fueron víctimas del Desastre de Annual, ahora hace cien años, a todos los que padecieron aquella cruenta y larga guerra que marcó a varias generaciones de españoles y españolas.
Así es, el recién elegido presidente de las Cortes, Julián Besteiro, recordó, al abrir la sesión parlamentaria del día 21 de julio de 1931, el Desastre de Annuel y a sus víctimas.
Besteiro pronunció un breve discurso antes de comenzar el orden del día mencionando el décimo aniversario de un hecho que conmocionó a todo el país, desencadenando el final de una época.
Besteiro mencionó el derrumbe de la Comandancia de Melilla, el Desastre en sí, y recordó la terrible cifra de diez mil soldados muertos. Estas víctimas habrían servido para que el pueblo pudiera ver los “derroteros de perdición” por los que transitaba la política tradicional.
Para el presidente de las Cortes el Desastre de Annual había sido la consecuencia de una política personal que se había hecho imposible soportar, en implícita alusión a la responsabilidad del monarca.
Besteiro creía que era obligado realizar un recuerdo para los que habían caído, y hacer constar la decisión de que tales catástrofes no debían volver a sucederle a España.
El político socialista preguntó a la Cámara si sus palabras debían constar en acta, y muchos diputados, según la crónica que hemos consultado, le contestaron que sí.
Las Cortes de la República crearon una Comisión de Responsabilidades para depurar las que no se había realizado en su día. Pero nada se hizo. En mayo de 1934 se ordenaría que la documentación -sumarios y diligencias- de esta Comisión pasara al Tribunal Supremo.
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