
Eduardo Montagut
El 18 de agosto de 1939, apenas concluida la Guerra Civil y en pleno proceso de consolidación del nuevo Estado, el Boletín Oficial del Estado publicó una lista que, más allá de su apariencia administrativa, constituye uno de los documentos más reveladores de la violencia intelectual ejercida por el franquismo: la separación definitiva del servicio de un grupo de catedráticos universitarios y de instituto. No se trataba de una medida disciplinaria en sentido académico, ni respondía a faltas profesionales verificables; era, en esencia, un acto de depuración ideológica que sancionaba el pensamiento, la independencia crítica y, en muchos casos, el simple hecho de haber permanecido fiel a la legalidad republicana.
La depuración del profesorado fue una de las herramientas fundamentales del régimen de Francisco Franco para reconstruir el sistema educativo sobre bases doctrinales afines al nuevo poder. La universidad y la enseñanza secundaria, lejos de concebirse como espacios de libre pensamiento, fueron sometidas a un proceso de purga que expulsó a algunas de las figuras más destacadas de la cultura española contemporánea. La sanción no solo implicaba la pérdida del puesto de trabajo, sino también el exilio, el silencio forzado o la marginación intelectual.

Los nombres que aparecen en aquella lista —entre ellos Américo Castro, Claudio Sánchez Albornoz o Pedro Salinas— no son meros registros administrativos: representan una generación de intelectuales cuya exclusión supuso una ruptura profunda en la continuidad del saber en España. Con su expulsión, el país no solo perdió profesores, sino proyectos, líneas de investigación y una concepción abierta y europea de la cultura.
Este episodio invita, por tanto, a reflexionar sobre el alcance real de aquella depuración: no como un ajuste burocrático, sino como una estrategia sistemática de control ideológico que afectó de manera decisiva al desarrollo intelectual del país durante décadas.
En el BOE de 18 de agosto de 1939 se publica una relación de catedráticos de Universidad y de Instituto que eran separados definitivamente del servicio, en un acto de arbitrariedad, ya que no eran profesores expedientados por haber cometidos faltas en el ejercicio de su trabajo, aunque, desde la perspectiva franquista, realmente sí habían cometido gravísimas faltas, las de pensar de otra manera, de tener ideas distintas o propias, o de no ser lo suficientemente leales al régimen.
Estos fueron:
Américo Castro y Quesada
Agustín Viñuales Pardo
Claudio Sánchez Albornoz
Rafael de Buen Lozano
Emilio González López
José Ots Capdequi
Niceto Alcalá-Zamora Castillo
Juan Ferced Alexander
José Puche Álvarez
Luis de Zulueta Escolano
Pedro Salinas Serrano
Blas Ramos Sobrino
Enrique Rioja
Pedro Castro Varea
José Manuel Aguilar Calvo
Manuel López-Rey Arroyo
Antonio Flórez de Lemus















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