
Eduardo Montagut
Nos aproximamos a un texto de Besteiro, de ahora hace más de cien años, sobre algunos principios sobre la conexión entre reforma educativa y reforma social, que, salvando algunos aspectos, podría interpretarse hasta en clave actual.
Las reformas eran distintas, apuntaba Julián Besteiro en mayo de 1912, en función de que fueran emprendidas por la burguesía o por el Partido Socialista. Las primeras tenían en sí mismas su propio fin, las segundas eran un medio para un fin posterior, y que no era otro que la transformación de la organización social mediante la socialización primero de los medios de producción.
En consecuencia, toda reforma de la escuela, desde el punto de vista burgués, carecía de un ideal en cuanto que no se proponía otra cosa que el mejoramiento de lo existente y la corrección de defectos, pero carecía de amplitud y grandeza porque atendería más al detalle que al conjunto, menospreciando la conexión existente entre la reforma de la escuela con la reforma total de la sociedad.
La reforma de la escuela para los socialistas no suponía un problema técnico, sino que era un aspecto de la lucha total.
Esta diferencia sería la base, según Besteiro, de una larga serie de diferenciaciones. La primera era la que resultaba de la consideración del fundamento de la reforma misma.
En la Historia el aprendizaje teórico y memorístico había sido la base fundamental de la educación. La Ilustración, más tarde, sustituyó este principio por el de la intuición, y finalmente los pedagogos burgueses habían defendido el valor de la acción como base del aprendizaje. Pero solamente el socialismo habría elevado este último principio a la categoría de principio esencial, y proclamado la creación y el trabajo como base de la organización escolar común de todos los niveles.

Nadie como el obrero habría sufrido las consecuencias de la división del trabajo tanto en lo físico como en lo intelectual, división que habría alcanzado en el capitalismo su mayor intensidad.
Pero no por ello el obrero deseaba volver a las formas primitivas de aprendizaje ligadas con etapas anteriores del capitalismo. A lo que aspiraba era a que en la escuela del futuro fuese igual de honrado el trabajo corporal que el intelectual (“del espíritu”), ya que Besteiro afirmaba que el segundo hasta el momento abría las puertas a los niños de la burguesía para el ejercicio de las llamadas “profesiones libres” y relegaba los oficios a una condición semejante a la de la esclavitud, privando al trabajador de la percepción de las conexiones de su obra con el resto de la acción colectiva y social de sus semejantes.
El obrero, en el momento en el que escribía el intelectual socialista, pasaba brevemente por la escuela y con un ligero contacto con los rudimentos del saber teórico, pasaba a convertirse en el taller en una rueda de la máquina de la producción. Y sin embargo, todo obrero consciente sabía que el trabajo manual era el soporte de toda la sociedad, y que la transformación y el progreso de las condiciones de trabajo había sido la cusa de la grandes transformaciones de la cultura de los pueblos. La aspiración de la reforma socialista de la escuela no bastaba con la introducción en el plan de estudios de una clase de trabajo manual, porque esa sería una reforma mezquina, que dejaría todo en el mismo estado de cosas en el que estaba. El socialismo aspiraba, para Besteiro, en la creación de una escuela nueva en una sociedad que hubiera logrado “espiritualizar” el trabajo manual, libertándole de la explotación capitalista, y esa sería la escuela común de todos.
El texto original se encuentra en el número del 12 de mayo de 1912 de Vida Socialista.
















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